{"id":852,"date":"2015-10-15T22:03:17","date_gmt":"2015-10-15T22:03:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/alcoholstudies-archives\/?p=852"},"modified":"2021-02-19T19:45:29","modified_gmt":"2021-02-19T19:45:29","slug":"the-extraordinary-career-of-dr-h-w-haggard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/alcoholstudies-archives\/the-extraordinary-career-of-dr-h-w-haggard\/","title":{"rendered":"The Extraordinary Career of Dr. H. W. Haggard"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>E.M. Jellinek may have provided the disease concept of alcoholism with its manifesto, but Dr. H.W. Haggard conferred the medical credibility and institutional clout it needed to survive.\u00a0 Haggard was born in La Porte, Indiana in April 1891 and attended elite boarding school Philips Exeter Academy.\u00a0 He received his BA and MD from Yale University, where he earned his first publication credit for co-authored articles on comparative anatomy.\u00a0 After serving in the Army Chemical Warfare Service in World War I, Haggard returned to Yale to teach physiology.\u00a0 He soon came under the wing of Dr. Yandell Henderson, best known to alcohol historians for his \u201cPlea for Dilution.\u201d\u00a0 Haggard\u2019s groundbreaking work on respiration and gas absorption, first with Henderson and then as principal investigator in his own right, led to advances in anesthesia and the invention of the modern gas mask.\u00a0 His research bona fides established, Haggard earned tenure at Yale in 1926 and became Director of the Laboratory for Applied Physiology.<\/p>\n

Haggard\u2019s influence spread rapidly, steadily, and concentrically over the following decade.\u00a0 He authored an introductory textbook in 1927, The Science of Health and Disease: A Textbook of Physiology and Hygiene<\/em>.\u00a0 As he moved from a cutting-edge respiration researcher to a mainstay of physiology as a field, Haggard started to write for lay readers as an ambassador for medicine.\u00a0 1927 also saw the publication of \u2018Tisn\u2019t What You Know, but Are You Intelligent<\/em>, a series of short tests to which Haggard wrote an introduction outlining the doctrine of innate intelligence.\u00a0 His breakthrough for a general audience came in 1929 with Devils, Drugs, and Doctors: The Story of the Science of Healing from Medicine-Man to Doctor<\/em>.\u00a0 Devils, Drugs, and Doctors<\/em> was an instant classic of popular science; it went through at least 25 printings in its first year alone, and has been translated into Japanese, Dutch, French, Spanish (both Spain and Mexico), and Russian.\u00a0 Haggard parlayed its success into a series of radio talks sponsored by Eastman Kodak that aired from 1931 to 1932, simultaneously serialized in Readers\u2019 Digest<\/em> and subsequently published in 1932 as The Lame, The Halt, and the Blind: The Vital R\u00f4le of Medicine in the History of Civilization<\/em>.\u00a0 Haggard continued to publish physiological research in academic journals, but from this point forward he maintained a public persona: he wrote pamphlets for foundations and corporations; delivered addresses to groups ranging from dentists to educators to engineers; and followed up Devils, Drugs, and Doctors<\/em> with another runaway success, 1934\u2019s The Doctor in History<\/em>.\u00a0 Haggard also began co-publishing with junior researchers such as Leon Greenberg, just as Yandell Henderson once had with him.\u00a0 He became extremely popular among undergraduates as well \u2013 his colleague Mark Keller claimed that students took physiology with Haggard for the candid sex education they couldn\u2019t find anywhere else!<\/p>\n

Around this time, at the end of Prohibition, Haggard became interested in the study of alcohol.\u00a0 He and Greenberg published a series of articles in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics<\/em> entitled \u201cStudies in the absorption, distribution, and elimination of ethyl alcohol,\u201d begun in 1934 and continued a few years later.\u00a0 The topic recalled Haggard\u2019s series in the Journal of Biological Chemistry<\/em> a decade earlier,\u201d The absorption, distribution, and elimination of ethyl ether\u201d; and just like that early breakthrough, this research on alcohol soon became a significant part of his career.\u00a0 As Mark Keller recalled in an interview for Griffith Edwards\u2019 collection Addictions<\/em>, these publications \u201ccreated a great deal of public interest, and resulted in the Laboratory at Yale receiving many questions about alcohol which Haggard realized that his staff, who were physiologists and biochemists, were not able to answer\u201d (60).\u00a0 He founded the Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol<\/em>, now the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs<\/em>, in 1940, and hired E.M. Jellinek and his staff (Martin Gross, Anne Roe, Vera Efron, Giorgio Lolli, and Keller) \u2013 the core of what would become known as the Center of Alcohol Studies.<\/p>\n

Haggard became the Journal<\/em>\u2019s first editor and contributed articles, editorials, and a book review to its early volumes.\u00a0 Equally significant to the fledgling project was his status at Yale and in the profession.\u00a0 Keller recalls, \u201cHe was one of the two most popular professors in the University.\u00a0 And also a very good money raiser.\u00a0 So the University let Haggard be.\u201d\u00a0 Selden Bacon remembered Haggard as \u201ca powerful character in [his] field,\u201d willing and able to stand up to the Yale administration.\u00a0 Within the Center, \u201cthere wasn\u2019t any question about Howard W. Haggard being the boss, ever.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 He got along well with Bacon due to a shared Ivy League sensibility, but for the most part Haggard\u2019s staff treated him with deference and awe more than camaraderie \u2013 especially Jellinek, whose opinion of his powerful patron was equal parts grateful and wary.\u00a0 Haggard valued the scope and originality of Jellinek\u2019s thought, however, and the two men shaped the early trajectory of the Center of Alcohol Studies more than anyone.\u00a0 They collaborated on Alcohol Explored<\/em> in 1942, organized the Summer School of Alcohol Studies in 1943, and forged a close relationship between the Center and Alcoholics Anonymous (see the next article for more).\u00a0 Haggard\u2019s vision shaped the Journal<\/em> and the Center, stressing an interdisciplinary approach and an educational mission.<\/p>\n

Haggard\u2019s research output slowed by the mid-1940s, though he remained in demand as a speaker.\u00a0 Mark Keller recalls him retiring \u201cfirst informally, then formally.\u201d\u00a0 Haggard officially left in 1956 and entrusted the Center to Selden Bacon, hoping that the latter\u2019s comfort among the Yale elite might provide political cover.\u00a0 Bacon tried, but after Haggard\u2019s death in 1959 a hostile administration forced the now-vulnerable Center to relocate.\u00a0 Bacon did, however, see the writing on the wall and start searching for a new home.\u00a0 Bacon and Keller negotiated with Rutgers, Brown, and Columbia, finalized a deal with Rutgers in 1961, and set up shop in New Jersey in 1962.<\/p>\n

The rest is history.\u00a0 The Center\u2019s continuing work is a key part of Howard Haggard\u2019s impressive legacy.\u00a0 In the words of Selden Bacon, \u201cI think Howard Haggard had an historical perception of questions in the fields of health, education and communication, that was almost basic to what I was to perceive as the main thrust of the Center of Alcohol Studies\u2026 he had a broad, positive and intuitively always correct perception of the role of medicine and science and education and knowledge in relation to the whole world of ills and diseases.\u201d Dr. Haggard\u2019s intellectual renown, skillful leadership, and strong vision put the Center and the Journal<\/em> on the map and continue to shape them to this day.<\/p>\n

\n

–Originally published in the October 2015 issue of the CAS Information Services Newsletter<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

E.M. Jellinek may have provided the disease concept of alcoholism with its manifesto, but Dr. H.W. Haggard conferred the medical credibility and institutional clout it needed to survive.\u00a0 Haggard was … Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":449,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-alcohol-history","category-notable-people"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Extraordinary Career of Dr. H. W. 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