{"id":5875,"date":"2021-10-25T02:39:40","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T02:39:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/?p=5875"},"modified":"2021-10-25T22:34:12","modified_gmt":"2021-10-25T22:34:12","slug":"refugee-scientists-rutgers2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/refugee-scientists-rutgers2\/","title":{"rendered":"From the Archives: Hungarian Refugee Scientists at Rutgers (Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/38A7233A-C9C2-403A-AAAF-46945EC1A821.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-5883\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/38A7233A-C9C2-403A-AAAF-46945EC1A821-300x214.png\" alt=\"Archival boxes\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/38A7233A-C9C2-403A-AAAF-46945EC1A821-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/38A7233A-C9C2-403A-AAAF-46945EC1A821-1024x731.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/38A7233A-C9C2-403A-AAAF-46945EC1A821-768x548.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/38A7233A-C9C2-403A-AAAF-46945EC1A821-1536x1097.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/38A7233A-C9C2-403A-AAAF-46945EC1A821.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>-Continued from <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/refugee-scientists- rutgers1\">Hungarian Refugee Scientists at Rutgers (Part 1)<\/a><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Language instruction<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Students had a full schedule. In addition to classes 9 to 4 on weekdays, they had evening programs and all kinds of special events, all added to their job search. The eight-week course started on Monday, January 21 with twenty-nine students, including scientists as principals, while spouses were also allowed to participate. Two children were enrolled in the local elementary school. At first there was only one instructor from the Department of Romance Languages, the only one who was available to take the assignment on such short notice with experience teaching \u201dEnglish for the foreign-born,&#8221; as they called it at that time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Another instructor from the same department joined the team two days later, so it was possible to divide the group into total beginners and a so-called \u201cintermediate\u201d group, which included those who had some previous English instruction and knowledge. However, when seven more students arrived at the end of the week, there seemed to be a dire need for further division and one more instructor. Recruiting another member of the department allowed for splitting the elementary class. At the peak of the program, the two elementary groups had thirteen members each, and there were fifteen persons in the intermediate group. The daily schedule was more or less identical throughout the whole course.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/0545BD46-22A3-4DA2-85FC-D131D9122E2D.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-5895\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/0545BD46-22A3-4DA2-85FC-D131D9122E2D-192x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Book cover\" width=\"192\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/0545BD46-22A3-4DA2-85FC-D131D9122E2D-192x300.jpeg 192w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/0545BD46-22A3-4DA2-85FC-D131D9122E2D.jpeg 467w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 192px) 100vw, 192px\" \/><\/a>They used one of the popular adult ESL textbooks. \u00a0With its structured grammar and traditional lesson plans, the methodology seemed familiar to anyone who learned a second language in Hungary. \u00a0The lessons covered everyday situations with useful vocabulary, even some idioms. \u00a0The general emphasis was on developing strong speaking skills with good pronunciation and simple but solid grammar. \u00a0With a basic vocabulary of about 1000 words, topics included American customs and family life.\u00a0 Each lesson introduced an average of 40 to 50 new lexical items in useful conversational context, which also served to illustrate basic grammatical principles.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: left\"><span class=\"s2\">The day started with pronunciation drills and recording speeches. Each student read a short paragraph, which was recorded and played back for evaluation. \u00a0Intensive and repeated practice with the tape was meant to reinforce correct pronunciation and intonation.\u00a0 Oral reports on homework assignments and short compositions were also part of the daily language learning methods. \u00a0Problems reported are the ones still common to Hungarians learning English (the pronunciation of <\/span><span class=\"s3\"><i>th<\/i><\/span><span class=\"s2\"> and <\/span><span class=\"s3\"><i>w<\/i><\/span><span class=\"s2\">, remember Bela Lugosi saying <i>BEVARE<\/i>?).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Conversation hours were organized daily with American students, with the aim of having a one to three American-Hungarian ratio.\u00a0 Students from Rutgers and Douglass Colleges (i.e., men\u2019s and women\u2019s colleges at that time) were recruited for this language learning activity.\u00a0 The scientists showed great interest in this method of learning. From the third week on, the Interfraternity Council agreed to recommend to the fraternities that a particular house should be responsible for each day of the week and should provide five men to converse with the scientists from 4 p.m. to 5 p.m.\u00a0 Sometimes more men showed up than expected, and the number of Douglass female students also remained consistently high, providing a wonderful opportunity for practice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/179D2EAF-79E1-4477-9BBB-2276E602D07B.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-5896\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/179D2EAF-79E1-4477-9BBB-2276E602D07B-300x230.png\" alt=\"Diploma\" width=\"300\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/179D2EAF-79E1-4477-9BBB-2276E602D07B-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/179D2EAF-79E1-4477-9BBB-2276E602D07B.png 367w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>To measure progress, at the end of the course everyone took the language proficiency test \u201cEnglish Examination for Foreign Students,\u201d compiled by the Institute of Psychological Research at Columbia University.\u00a0 The intermediate group had also taken the exam on January 28, allowing to compare results. \u00a0The multiple choice test was divided into four sections, testing basic grammatical patterns, correct sentence structure, vocabulary , and reading comprehension. \u00a0Those who took the test twice showed significant improvement during the six weeks.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Extracurricular activities\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">The course also presented a great opportunity to introduce the Hungarian refugee scientists to American culture in the form of evening lectures and discussions. These were conducted by top scholars of the field from Rutgers, Yale, and other universities in the vicinity. \u00a0The topics included general conversational themes, such as American customs, manners, civilization, race, religion, the political system, the economy. Presentations were also offered on many scholarly, scientific, and academic topics, including American geography, art, architecture, music, and even concerts. The timing of the topics also considered the language proficiency of the audience, starting with the ones requiring less language and more familiar content such as music and arts. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">This secondary purpose of the program raised questions from the beginning with the main issue being time constraints. At first, it was not clear whether group members would be too overwhelmed with language classes, homework assignments, job search and placement interviews, which also required some travel. The next issue was the English proficiency of the participants and the lack of Hungarian-speaking lecturers. Of sixteen programs, only one was given in Hungarian, a talk on American customs and manners by an Academy staff member, Dr. Ferencz. This lecture was probably effective for another reason too: she was able to talk about American issues as seen through the eyes of a person born in Hungary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Translation was needed for the rest of the presentations, which inadvertently broke the natural flow of discussions and made communication extremely difficult. Given their background, another major concern was whether the refugees would interpret these lectures as indoctrination and American propaganda. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Other than the daytime language and evening orientation programs, there were events scheduled to offer diversion from studying. \u00a0Most Sunday nights, the entire group gathered in the Rev. Abernethy\u2019s home, with faculty, friends and family members also invited. These programs were entirely informal, they were just listening to classical music, singing, and talking, often sitting on the floor. \u00a0On Saturdays, there was an optional basketball game scheduled in the gym. As with other weekend special events, the scientists had a chance to visit several departments, institutes and the library at Rutgers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">The first week included a trip to New York City to get new clothes and see a show at Radio City on Tuesday. \u00a0On one Saturday morning, Edward Teller, the Hungarian born father of the hydrogen bomb, member of the Manhattan project, met with the group in the dorm lobby. \u00a0In the afternoon, the group went to Princeton, where Eugene Wigner showed them around in the Physics building, introducing them to other Hungarian born professors. \u00a0In addition to the visit by Teller, the group was also visited by General B\u00e9la Kir\u00e1ly in March. Both events are marked in the official records as incorporating off-the-record talks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Little documentation has been found on these discussions, but from the Rev. Abernethy\u2019s report it is clear that Edward Teller gave a lot of advice to the incoming scientists. He pointed out the unusual opportunities for scientists in America, but also indicated the challenges everyone must face in a new country. \u00a0He stressed the point that they should not settle in a Hungarian community, but rather try to establish the closest possible connections with American life and American people. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Following the language proficiency exam on March 12, the program was completed with a formal session of \u201cgraduation exercises\u201d on Thursday afternoon, March 14 in the auditorium of the Institute of Microbiology. \u00a0This event followed the formal traditions of the university graduation. Officers and representatives of the Academy, the President\u2019s Committee, and Camp Kilmer also attended the event. \u00a0After an invocation and comments on the significance of the program to the university, the nation, and the world of science by Rutgers President Jones, Dr. Voorhees, and Dr. Bonk, three refugee-students responded in English. \u00a0Then the members of the graduating class proceeded to receive their certificates of successful completion of the course. The ceremony was followed by a reception in the home of President Jones.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Career path of the refugee scientists in the United States<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Who were these people? Among the participants in the Rutgers course, the following professions are listed: organic chemist, chemical engineer, chemical engineering student, analytical chemist, plant pathologist, wine tester, geology and geography teacher, architect, aircraft engineering student, and psychologist.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Most of the refugee scientists kept in touch with the Rev. Abernethy. He also made significant efforts to collect and document the changes of address and jobs of the Hungarian scientists. \u00a0Other than maintaining regular correspondence with some scientists, he would periodically check on them by mailing a little postcard requesting updates. \u00a0These letters and cards yield an impressive list of employers who hired graduates of the program.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/5C3FD54B-6AB4-4899-9C3A-C55A7B0FF629.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-5891\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/5C3FD54B-6AB4-4899-9C3A-C55A7B0FF629-300x218.png\" alt=\"Book covers\" width=\"300\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/5C3FD54B-6AB4-4899-9C3A-C55A7B0FF629-300x218.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/5C3FD54B-6AB4-4899-9C3A-C55A7B0FF629.png 632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Their successful Integration in US Science can be illustrated by seminal publications in their fields, while they also<\/span> <span class=\"s2\">collaborate with Hungarian scholars as co-authors or hosts.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Recognition<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">The new language and culture are considered major barriers in a new country.\u00a0 Even with addressing these issues consciously and continuously, acculturation might be a long, painful process. Along the road toward integration into the new culture, structured language instruction coupled with early efforts to develop cross-cultural competencies seem to work for many.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">In a short period, a successful language and cultural orientation program was designed and implemented, made possible by external funding, the flexibility of Rutgers, and many volunteer hours.\u00a0The organizers focused on the main objective of their target audience, and customized the program along the way.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">From the evening lectures and discussions, the ones conducted in Hungarian were most often mentioned as beneficial, also due to the nature of the topics of very practical value, such as salary, job security, comparison of jobs in the industry and academia.\u00a0 Everyone agreed that the atmosphere was very friendly and they found the program useful.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">One of the instructors, speaking of the remarkable progress of the scientists in their English studies, pointed out their ability and willingness to learn English. \u00a0He also said \u201cI think their adjustment has been due primarily to the fact that they have been treated as intelligent adults and have never felt that they were the objects of propaganda.&#8221; <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5892\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5892\" style=\"width: 592px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/9E6204C3-9B0E-4BE9-BF80-0939607BC952.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5892 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/9E6204C3-9B0E-4BE9-BF80-0939607BC952.png\" alt=\"Certificate\" width=\"592\" height=\"457\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/9E6204C3-9B0E-4BE9-BF80-0939607BC952.png 592w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/9E6204C3-9B0E-4BE9-BF80-0939607BC952-300x232.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5892\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><br \/>Source: Rutgers University Libraries Special,Collections, Tracy D. Vorhees Papers<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><br \/>\n*Based on the author\u2019s presentation: <i>The Rutgers English Program for Hungarian Refugee Scientists in 1956<\/i>. Invited talk at the Rutgers 250th\u00a0Anniversary event: The Cold War at Camp Kilmer: Hungarian \u201856ers, Cubans, and US Refugee Policy in New Jersey. March 2, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"> Research conducted at the Information Services, Center of Alcohol Studies (2007-2016). Co-investigators: Sylvia D. Clark (St. John\u2019s University), Frank Jolliffe (Bank Street College), Molly Stewart (Center of Alcohol Studies Library, Franklin Township Public Library).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Images: Rutgers Special Collections and University Archives<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>-Continued from Hungarian Refugee Scientists at Rutgers (Part 1) Language instruction Students had a full schedule. In addition to classes 9 to 4 on weekdays, they had evening programs and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/refugee-scientists-rutgers2\/\" class=\"\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":447,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","category-resources"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>From the Archives: Hungarian Refugee Scientists at Rutgers (Part 2) - Books We Read<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/refugee-scientists-rutgers2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"From the Archives: Hungarian Refugee Scientists at Rutgers (Part 2) - Books We Read\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"-Continued from Hungarian Refugee Scientists at Rutgers (Part 1) Language instruction Students had a full schedule. In addition to classes 9 to 4 on weekdays, they had evening programs and &hellip; Read More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/refugee-scientists-rutgers2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Books We Read\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-10-25T02:39:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-10-25T22:34:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/248\/2021\/10\/38A7233A-C9C2-403A-AAAF-46945EC1A821-300x214.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Judit Hajnal Ward\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Judit Hajnal Ward\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/refugee-scientists-rutgers2\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/books-we-read\/refugee-scientists-rutgers2\/\",\"name\":\"From the Archives: Hungarian Refugee Scientists at Rutgers (Part 2) - 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