{"id":2093,"date":"2022-04-09T21:43:05","date_gmt":"2022-04-09T21:43:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/?p=2093"},"modified":"2022-05-08T09:37:59","modified_gmt":"2022-05-08T09:37:59","slug":"boulevards-versus-barricades-enjeux-politiques-du-paris-haussmannien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/boulevards-versus-barricades-enjeux-politiques-du-paris-haussmannien\/","title":{"rendered":"Boulevards versus barricades : enjeux politiques du Paris haussmannien\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Comment est n\u00e9e l\u2019image de Paris que l’on conna\u00eet aujourd\u2019hui, avec ses grands boulevards, ses parcs verdoyants et ses immeubles solennels \u00e0 six \u00e9tages ?<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Vue
Place Saint-Michel, Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris 5\u00e8me<\/figcaption><\/figure>Elle remonte au Second Empire et repose sur les travaux de George Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann, engag\u00e9 par Napol\u00e9on III (1851-1870) pour\u00a0moderniser la grande ville, y introduire de la verdure et, <\/span>last but not least<\/i>, endiguer les insurrections populaires. Pourquoi ?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Depuis la fin de la Terreur en 1794 et\u00a0<\/span>pendant tout le XIXe si\u00e8cle, les gouvernants de la France post-r\u00e9volutionnaire n’ont pas cess\u00e9 de trahir les id\u00e9aux socialistes n\u00e9s avec la R\u00e9volution. La mont\u00e9e de la bourgeoisie, concomitante avec l\u2019apparition d\u2019une\u00a0<\/span>fracture sociale qui n’a jamais vraiment disparu, devient remarquable pendant le r\u00e8gne de <\/span>Louis-Philippe (1830-1848), appel\u00e9 \u00e9galement \u201cmonarchie bourgeoisie\u201d. Commencent \u00e0 appara\u00eetre \u00e0 Paris et en province les passages couverts, avatars des grands magasins d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui et symboles du capitalisme naissant.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"karavan
Passages couverts au XIXe si\u00e8cle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u2019alliance entre la bourgeoisie et le chef de l’Etat se renforce pendant le r\u00e8gne de Napol\u00e9on III et se radicalise avec l\u2019inauguration de la Troisi\u00e8me R\u00e9publique d\u2019Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877), qui, en r\u00e9publicain conservateur, d\u00e9fend les valeurs de l\u2019ordre et du libre \u00e9change.\u00a0<\/span>La transition d\u2019une droite imp\u00e9riale \u00e0 une droite r\u00e9publicaine, c’est-\u00e0-dire de Napol\u00e9on III \u00e0 Adolphe Thiers, ne va pas sans secousses : une frange socialiste de la population parisienne se rallie et cr\u00e9e la Commune. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une tentative de r\u00e9aliser les id\u00e9aux de libert\u00e9, \u00e9<\/span>galit\u00e9 et fraternit\u00e9 affich\u00e9s par la nation fran\u00e7aise en 1789. Les ennemis des Communards sont, \u00e0 la fois, internes et externes, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire, respectivement, le gouvernement d\u2019Adolphe Thiers et l\u2019arm\u00e9e prussienne. Ainsi l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de la Commune s\u2019accompagne, \u00e0 la fois, d\u2019une guerre et d\u2019une guerre civile.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"la
Barricade et Communards (1871)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les strat\u00e9gies de lutte des Co<\/span>mmunardes reposent sur l\u2019\u00e9rection des barricades. On avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu surgir ces derni\u00e8res durant les \u201ctrois glorieuses\u201d qui, en 1830, avaient men\u00e9 Charles X \u00e0 abdiquer, et pendant les \u00e9meutes de 1848, contre le roi Louis-Philippe. Les barricades sont des murs \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e8res construits avec des objets de toutes sortes pour bloquer les rues. Les ruelles du vieux Paris en avaient faci<\/span>lit\u00e9 la construction. Napol\u00e9on III d\u00e9cide de donner \u00e0 Paris un nouveau visage. Apr\u00e8s avoir nomm\u00e9 le baron Haussmann pr\u00e9fet de la Seine, il lui confie la mission de moderniser\u00a0<\/span>la capitale en prenant comme mod\u00e8le la m\u00e9tropole londonienne. Bien que le projet ne manque pas d\u2019ambitions esth\u00e9tiques, dont les expressions sont les immeubles des beaux quartiers ainsi que les parcs hell\u00e9nisants, tels que le Parc des Butte-Chaumont et le Parc Monceau, il est \u00e9minemment politique.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Parc
Parc Buttes-Chaumont<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

En \u00e9rigeant les grands boulevards et les grandes avenues que l\u2019on conna\u00eet aujourd’hui, Napol\u00e9on III et Haussmann veulent emp\u00eacher la construction\u00a0<\/span>des barricades et faciliter, inversement, l\u2019intervention de la police en cas d\u2019insurrection populaire.\u00a0<\/span>Comme dit plus haut, ces strat\u00e9gies urbaines n\u2019ont pas arr\u00eat\u00e9 les soul\u00e8vements des citoyens, lesquels se r\u00e9v\u00e8lent particuli\u00e8rement efficaces <\/span>pendant la Commune. Avec les F\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9s-Communards, les barricades reviennent plus hautes et plus solides. Elles ne sont pas indestructibles pour autant. Alli\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019arm\u00e9e prussienne, en mai 1781 Adolphe Thiers regagne le pouvoir et re<\/span>nforce la Troisi\u00e8me R\u00e9publique, qui durera jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la Seconde Guerre mondiale.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le Paris haussmannien est encore bien visible aujourd\u2019hui. Pour ceux qui connaissent les \u00e9v\u00e9nements ici relat\u00e9s, il ne symbolise pas seulement le projet urbain du baron Haussmann, mais la fracture sociale au XIXe si\u00e8cle entre le peuple et la bourgeoisie, ainsi que la violence que la R\u00e9publique peut arriver \u00e0 exercer contre ses propres enfants.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pour avoir une impression plus palpable de ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements, \u00e9coutez\/visionnez cette vid\u00e9o !<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hP2JibzP5T0<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sources
\nhttps:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/questions-reponses\/histoire-histoire-1832-cholera-arrive-france-14025\/#:~:text=De%20mars%20%C3%A0%20septembre%201832,sont%20fauch%C3%A9es%20par%20le%20chol%C3%A9ra.<\/p>\n

Sources des images, dans l’ordre :<\/p>\n

https:\/\/expositions-virtuelles.citedelarchitecture.fr\/paris-d-haussmann\/immeuble-boulevard-saint-michel.php<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/karavanepapou.blogspot.com\/2011\/05\/les-passages-couverts-de-paris.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/la_Commune\/114248<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/uk.hotels.com\/go\/france\/parc-des-buttes-chaumont<\/a><\/p>\n

Pour aller plus loin :<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.storyofacity.com\/2021\/03\/09\/parc-des-buttes-chaumont\/<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yann-Raphael Nembo
\n(Avec l’aide de professeure Sara Fadabini)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Comment est n\u00e9e l\u2019image de Paris que l’on conna\u00eet aujourd\u2019hui, avec ses grands boulevards, ses parcs verdoyants et ses immeubles solennels \u00e0 six \u00e9tages ? Elle remonte au Second Empire … Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1932,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[184],"tags":[201,200,198,199],"class_list":["post-2093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-histoire","tag-barricades","tag-communedeparis","tag-haussmann","tag-passagescouverts"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBoulevards versus barricades : enjeux politiques du Paris haussmannien\u00a0 - La P'tite Gazette<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/boulevards-versus-barricades-enjeux-politiques-du-paris-haussmannien\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Boulevards versus barricades : enjeux politiques du Paris haussmannien\u00a0 - La P'tite Gazette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Comment est n\u00e9e l\u2019image de Paris que l’on conna\u00eet aujourd\u2019hui, avec ses grands boulevards, ses parcs verdoyants et ses immeubles solennels \u00e0 six \u00e9tages ? 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