{"id":3048,"date":"2022-12-08T18:54:27","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T18:54:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/?p=3048"},"modified":"2022-12-16T20:25:19","modified_gmt":"2022-12-16T20:25:19","slug":"laicite-et-secularisme-la-meme-chose","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/laicite-et-secularisme-la-meme-chose\/","title":{"rendered":"Laicit\u00e9 et s\u00e9cularisme: la m\u00eame chose?"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

Les \u00e9tudiants am\u00e9ricains ont tous entendu parler du s\u00e9cularisme, ou la s\u00e9paration entre l’\u00c9tat et l’\u00c9glise. Ce n’est pas une id\u00e9e uniquement am\u00e9ricai<\/span>ne. <\/span>Le s\u00e9cularisme est un th\u00e8me important dans la vie fran\u00e7aise, mais en France, on parle plut\u00f4t de la\u00efcit\u00e9. La la\u00efcit\u00e9 en France est diff\u00e9rente du s\u00e9cula<\/span>risme am\u00e9ricain. Les deux mots sont, quelquefois, interchangeables – les diff\u00e9rences entre les deux ne sont pas claires. Une diff\u00e9rence r\u00e9side dans les effets de ces concepts sur la libert\u00e9 religieuse. Le s\u00e9cularisme ignore en quelque sorte, ou ne pr\u00eate pas attention aux expressions de foi, mais la la\u00efcit\u00e9 demande une s\u00e9paration compl\u00e8te entre la vie religieuse et la vie civile; le s\u00e9cularisme est plus un <\/span>laisser faire<\/span><\/i> que la la\u00efcit\u00e9. On pourrait dire que le s\u00e9cularisme et la la\u00efcit\u00e9 partent de la m\u00eame id\u00e9e, mais ont des applications diff\u00e9rentes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Origine de la la\u00efcit\u00e9 et du s\u00e9cularisme\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

L\u2019origine du s\u00e9cularisme aux \u00c9tats Unis se trouve dans l’\u00e9crit de Thomas Jefferson, <\/span>The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom<\/span><\/i><\/a>. Jefferson a \u00e9t\u00e9 influenc\u00e9 par John Lock et les Lumi\u00e8res. Dans ce statut, il \u00e9crit qu\u2019il faut un \u201c<\/span>wall of separation between the church and state<\/span><\/i>.” En France, la la\u00efcit\u00e9 est aussi venue de la<\/span> philosophie des Lumi\u00e8res<\/span><\/a>. La loi du <\/span>9 d\u00e9cembre 1905<\/span><\/a> en France concerne la s\u00e9paration des \u00c9glises et de l’\u00c9tat et introduit l’id\u00e9e de la la\u00efcit\u00e9 dans le syst\u00e8me l\u00e9gal fran\u00e7ais, mais l’id\u00e9e vient aussi de John Lock. L\u2019affirmation de la la\u00efcit\u00e9 en France est inscrite dans<\/span> la constitution de 1958 <\/span><\/a>mais a exist\u00e9 comme <\/span>loi depuis 1905.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Libert\u00e9 de religion<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Les deux pays utilisent les mots \u201cs\u00e9cularisme\u201d et “la\u00efcit\u00e9” pour prot\u00e9ger la libert\u00e9 de religion. Mais il y a deux formes de libert\u00e9: <\/span>la libert\u00e9 de faire quelque chose et la libert\u00e9 de quelque chose<\/span><\/a>. Aux Etats-Unis, le s\u00e9cularisme n’emp\u00eache pas d\u2019afficher sa religion \u00e0 l’\u00e9cole ou dans d\u2019autres endroits publics. La libert\u00e9 religieuse, prot\u00e9g\u00e9e par le s\u00e9cularisme, est la libert\u00e9 d’exercer son devoir religieux \u00e0 l’\u00e9cole, au\u00a0<\/span>travail, et dans les espaces publics. C\u2019est pourquoi aux \u00c9<\/span>tats-Unis on a le droit de porter un voile ou une kippa \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole. Mais en France, la libert\u00e9 religieuse est aussi la libert\u00e9 de ne pas \u00eatre affect\u00e9 par les actes religieux des autres. Voil\u00e0 pourquoi, en France, on n\u2019a justement pas le droit de porter son voile ou sa kippa \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole !<\/span><\/p>\n

Autrement dit, en France, <\/span>la neutralit\u00e9 religieuse se traduit par une absence totale de signes religieux<\/span><\/a> et c\u2019est cela qui pose un probl\u00e8me aux religions, comme l\u2019islam, qui se pratiquent au niveau de la vie quotidienne (se couvrir les cheveux, \u00e9viter certaines nourritures).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Indifference et interdiction\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, le s\u00e9cularisme signifie l’indiff\u00e9rence envers les actes religieux et expressions de foi. Les citoyens am\u00e9ricains sont libres de pratiquer leur religion publiquement. On sait que les premiers immigrants sont venus aux \u00c9tats-Unis pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment parce qu\u2019ils avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 pers\u00e9cut\u00e9s pour leur religion en Angleterre. C’est pourquoi le libre exercice de la religion est reste crucial pour les Am\u00e9ricains. Les citoyens am\u00e9ricains peuvent pratiquer leur religion librement, m\u00eame \u00e0 travers le rituel religieux de tous les jours. Le Pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis est investi dans sa fonction avec une bible ou un autre livre religieux s\u2019il le faut ; sur les pi\u00e8ces de monnaie, on peut lire, \u201cIn God We Trust”, et dans les \u00e9coles, les \u00e9l\u00e8ves r\u00e9citent le serment d’all\u00e9geance et disent, “un pays, unifi\u00e9, sous Dieu\u201d chaque matin. Le s\u00e9cularisme am\u00e9ricain garantit la s\u00e9paration de l’Eglise et de l’\u00c9tat, mais sans \u00e9carter syst\u00e9matiquement les signes religieux de l\u2019espace public. <\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/span>n France, la la\u00efcit\u00e9 s\u00e9pare la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 religieuse. Les id\u00e9es e<\/span>t les actes religieux n\u2019entrent pas dans la <\/span>vie publique. La la\u00efcit\u00e9 est diff\u00e9rente du s\u00e9cularisme parce que les actes et les signes religieux ne sont pas autoris\u00e9s dans les affaires publiques. La s\u00e9paration entre l’\u00c9tat et l’\u00e9glise est beaucoup plus stricte qu\u2019aux Etats Unis. En France, les \u00e9l\u00e8ves ne peuvent pas prier \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole, et les v\u00eatements religieux, comme le burqa, ne sont pas permis dans les espaces publiques. L’\u00c9tat la\u00efc veut s\u00e9parer compl\u00e8tement la religion de l’\u00c9tat, et pour y arriver, l’\u00c9tat ne peut pas permettre la moindre manifestation religieuse dans la vie publique.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Aux Etats Unis, le s\u00e9cularisme consiste en une sorte d\u2019indiff\u00e9rence envers les actes et les signes religieux, alors qu\u2019en France la la\u00efcit\u00e9 est tout sauf indiff\u00e9rente. La la\u00efcit\u00e9 est intens\u00e9ment d\u00e9battue, <\/span>\"\"particuli\u00e8rement quand on consid\u00e8re les populations musulmanes et le sentiment anti-musulman. Pour certains, la la\u00efcit\u00e9 prot\u00e8ge les libert\u00e9s religieuses mais pour d’ autres, la la\u00efcit\u00e9 limite leur possibilit\u00e9 de pratiquer leur religion. Dans le m\u00eame esprit, aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/span>, le s\u00e9cularisme ne s\u00e9pare pas l\u2019Etat et l’Eglise aussi strictement que la la\u00efcit\u00e9 en France, et tous les citoyens peuvent pratiquer leur religion librement et publiquement.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Les \u00e9tudiants am\u00e9ricains ont tous entendu parler du s\u00e9cularisme, ou la s\u00e9paration entre l’\u00c9tat et l’\u00c9glise. Ce n’est pas une id\u00e9e uniquement am\u00e9ricaine. Le s\u00e9cularisme est un th\u00e8me important … Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2095,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,184],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-default","category-histoire"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLaicit\u00e9 et s\u00e9cularisme: la m\u00eame chose? - La P'tite Gazette<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/laicite-et-secularisme-la-meme-chose\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Laicit\u00e9 et s\u00e9cularisme: la m\u00eame chose? - La P'tite Gazette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"  Les \u00e9tudiants am\u00e9ricains ont tous entendu parler du s\u00e9cularisme, ou la s\u00e9paration entre l’\u00c9tat et l’\u00c9glise. 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