{"id":4149,"date":"2023-05-03T20:35:35","date_gmt":"2023-05-04T00:35:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/?p=4149"},"modified":"2023-05-10T18:04:51","modified_gmt":"2023-05-10T22:04:51","slug":"dr-itard-et-son-systeme-de-recompense","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/dr-itard-et-son-systeme-de-recompense\/","title":{"rendered":"Une \u00e9ducation bas\u00e9e sur un syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le Dr Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (24 avril, 1774 – 5 juillet, 1838) \u00e9tait un m\u00e9decin et \u00e9ducateur fran\u00e7ais c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour son travail avec Victor, un enfant sauvage. Victor a \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9 vivant apr\u00e8s avoir surv\u00e9cu pendant plusieurs ann\u00e9es dans la for\u00eat d’Aveyron en France, et Itard a tent\u00e9 de lui enseigner les bases de la langue et de le socialiser pendant cinq ans. Bien que Victor n’ait pu acqu\u00e9rir que tr\u00e8s peu de langage et ne se soit jamais vraiment adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, le travail d’Itard avec lui a conduit au d\u00e9veloppement de certaines m\u00e9thodes d’apprentissage, et notamment d’un syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense pionnier encore utilis\u00e9 aujourd’hui.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Portrait du Dr Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Le syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense d’Itard \u00e9tait bas\u00e9, en partie, sur ce qu\u2019on appelle aujourd\u2019hui le renforcement positif. Lorsque Victor effectuait ce qu\u2019on attendait de lui \u2013 l’imitation d’un son ou un contact visuel \u2013 il recevait une r\u00e9compense, sous forme de\u00a0 nourriture ou de compliments. Itard croyait que cela encouragerait Victor \u00e0 continuer \u00e0 effectuer ces comportements. Ce syst\u00e8me de renforcement positif \u00e9tait bas\u00e9 sur le principe que les enfants sont plus susceptibles de r\u00e9p\u00e9ter un bon comportement lorsqu’ils sont f\u00e9licit\u00e9s pour cela. En r\u00e9compensant Victor pour un bon comportement, Itard a pu le motiver \u00e0 s’instruire et a particip\u00e9 \u00e0 des activit\u00e9s sociales.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Cependant, Itard comme tout \u00e9ducateur a cette \u00e9poque croyait \u00e9galement \u00e0 l’utilisation de la punition comme outil pour d\u00e9courager les comportements ind\u00e9sirables. Lorsque Victor faisait quelque chose que Itard ne voulait pas qu’il fasse, comme refuser de coop\u00e9rer, Itard utilisait un renforcement n\u00e9gatif. Cela consistait \u00e0 ne pas donner de r\u00e9compense ou \u00e0 administrer une punition l\u00e9g\u00e8re, telle une claque sur la main. L’utilisation de la punition par Itard est controvers\u00e9e et ses m\u00e9thodes ne sont plus\u00a0 utilis\u00e9es aujourd’hui. En fait, de nos jours, de nombreux experts estiment que seul le renforcement positif est le moyen le plus efficace pour encourager les comportements souhait\u00e9s, sans avoir besoin de la punition.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Le Dr Itard apprend \u00e0 Victor \u00e0 s’habiller, comme le montre le film “L’Enfant Sauvage”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Le syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Itard a depuis \u00e9t\u00e9 affin\u00e9 et modifi\u00e9, mais l’id\u00e9e de base du renforcement positif reste un principe cl\u00e9 dans l’\u00e9ducation moderne. Les enseignants utilisent d\u00e9sormais une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de r\u00e9compenses pour encourager un bon comportement, parmi elles des autocollants, des jetons et autres incitations. Ces r\u00e9compenses peuvent \u00eatre particuli\u00e8rement efficaces pour les enfants ayant des besoins sp\u00e9ciaux ou des probl\u00e8mes de comportement, car elles fournissent un retour clair et imm\u00e9diat sur un bon comportement.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Il est important de noter que le travail d’Itard avec Victor ne se concentrait pas uniquement sur le d\u00e9veloppement de ce syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense. Il cherchait \u00e9galement \u00e0 enseigner \u00e0 Victor les bases de la langue et de la socialisation, et ses efforts ont eu un impact significatif sur l’\u00e9tude de l’acquisition de la langue et de l’\u00e9ducation pour les enfants ayant des besoins sp\u00e9ciaux. N\u00e9anmoins, le travail pionnier d’Itard avec les r\u00e9compenses et le renforcement positif reste une contribution durable au domaine de l’\u00e9ducation et a aid\u00e9 d’innombrables enfants \u00e0 r\u00e9ussir en classe.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Les sources:<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7045553\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.museumofdisability.org\/exhibits\/past\/pantheon-of-disability-history\/jean-marc-gaspard-itard\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Jean-Marc-Gaspard-Itard<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.monde-diplomatique.fr\/mav\/131\/POPELARD\/54353<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1177054<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.intelltheory.com\/itard.shtml<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/newleftreview.org\/issues\/i74\/articles\/octave-mannoni-itard-and-his-savage.pdf<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le Dr Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (24 avril, 1774 – 5 juillet, 1838) \u00e9tait un m\u00e9decin et \u00e9ducateur fran\u00e7ais c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour son travail avec Victor, un enfant sauvage. Victor a \u00e9t\u00e9 … Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2771,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[184],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4149","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-histoire"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUne \u00e9ducation bas\u00e9e sur un syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense - La P'tite Gazette<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/french-magazine\/dr-itard-et-son-systeme-de-recompense\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Une \u00e9ducation bas\u00e9e sur un syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense - La P'tite Gazette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le Dr Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (24 avril, 1774 – 5 juillet, 1838) \u00e9tait un m\u00e9decin et \u00e9ducateur fran\u00e7ais c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour son travail avec Victor, un enfant sauvage. 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