{"id":1651,"date":"2026-09-28T15:08:42","date_gmt":"2026-09-28T15:08:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/?page_id=1651"},"modified":"2026-10-20T18:03:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-20T18:03:10","slug":"beneficial-insects","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/beneficial-insects\/","title":{"rendered":"Beneficial Insects"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>Beneficial Insects and Natural Enemies in the Nursery and Landscape<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The integration of biological controls (predatory insects, parasitoids, and predatory mites) is an essential aspect of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Natural enemies maintain pest populations below economic damage thresholds when protected from broad-spectrum insecticides and given the conditions to thrive.<\/p>\n<h5 class=\"mceTemp\"><strong>Scouting and Diagnostic Guidelines for Beneficial Insects<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Beat-Sheet Scouting:<\/b> Hold a white clipboard beneath foliage and strike the branch. Beneficial predators (predatory mites, minute pirate bugs, lacewing larvae) move rapidly across the paper compared to slow-moving pests.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Predatory mites (<em>Phytoseiidae<\/em>) crawl 2 to 4 times faster than pest spider mites (<em>Tetranychidae<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Hand Lens Inspections:<\/b> Examine leaf undersides, aphid colonies, and scale covers using a hand lens of at least 10X magnification.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\">Look for signs of parasitism, such as swollen, papery aphid &#8220;mummies&#8221; or small exit holes in armored scale covers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Look for larval forms of predatory insects and protect them. The larval stages of lady beetles and lacewings resemble small alligators, while the larvae of flower flies look like legless green maggots. When these beneficial immature stages are present, do not use chemical insecticides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Sticky Cards:<\/b> Yellow sticky cards trap adult parasitoid wasps, syrphid flies, and lacewings, serving as early indicators of natural enemy presence in nursery blocks.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"mceTemp\"><b>Pesticide Integration and Selective Compatibility<\/b><\/h5>\n<p>Pesticide use is a high risk factor for killing populations of beneficial insects in nurseries and landscapes that could otherwise decrease the need for said pesticides, but it is possible to use chemical management in a responsible way that avoids damage to the ecosystem.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Do Not Spray During Blooming:<\/strong> Never spray while flowers are in bloom to decrease direct exposure of pollinators to toxic chemicals. Open flowers attract beneficial insects like bees and butterflies, and chemical insecticides sprayed on flowers will kill these insects upon contact. Systemic pesticides are absorbed into plants&#8217; vascular systems and become present in pollen and nectar, killing beneficial insects that use these as food sources. Even sublethal doses will cause damage to insects&#8217; navigation skills and reproductive abilities.\n<ul>\n<li>Time sprays before or after the flowering periods of the plant.<\/li>\n<li>If you must spray the non-flowering parts of the plant, time the sprays during the early morning or late evening when pollinator activity is the lowest.<\/li>\n<li>Mow flowering weeds and grasses before spraying to avoid accidental exposure when you are spraying non-flowering plants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Avoid Broad-Spectrum Synthetics:<\/strong> Pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates eliminate beneficial insect populations and can trigger severe secondary outbreaks of spider mites and scale insects.<\/li>\n<li><b data-path-to-node=\"18,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Use Selective Chemistries:<\/b> Prioritize biorational materials such as horticultural oils (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\u20132\\%\" data-index-in-node=\"88\">1-2%<\/span>), insecticidal soaps, microbial pesticides (<i data-path-to-node=\"18,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"138\">Bacillus thuringiensis<\/i>), and insect growth regulators (pyriproxyfen, tebufenozide) when chemical intervention is deemed necessary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"mceTemp\"><b>Beneficial Insect Conservation<\/b><\/h5>\n<p>Although beneficial insects can be artificially introduced into an area, there are actions that can be taken to naturally foster beneficial insect populations.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Floral Strips:<\/b> When possible, plant flowers such as Alyssum, Dill, Yarrow, Coreopsis, and Buckwheat in border areas to provide the nectar and pollen necessary for syrphid flies, lacewings, and parasitoid wasps to reproduce.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Overwintering Habitat:\u00a0<\/strong>Maintain perennial border strips, undisturbed leaf litter, and dried stalks when possible to shelter overwintering lady beetles, minute pirate bugs, and ground beetles.\n<ul>\n<li>Prioritize sanitation when necessary to control disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Diverse bloom times:<\/strong> Fill your landscape with plants that bloom at different times throughout the season to ensure that beneficial insects have food and habitats throughout the year.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"mceTemp\"><b>Predator vs. Parasitoid<\/b><\/h5>\n<p>Understanding the difference between predators and parasitoids is important for effective IPM scouting, selecting compatible pest management tactics, and monitoring biological control activity.<\/p>\n<table style=\"font-weight: 400\" data-tablestyle=\"MsoTableGrid\" data-tablelook=\"1696\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Feature<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Parasitoid<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Predator<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Size<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Larvae are much smaller than the hosts. Adult wasps and flies can vary from microscopic to mid-sized. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Typically larger than their prey. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Target Pest Killing<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Requires one singular host for a single larvae to complete their development cycle. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Can consume many prey pests throughout their lifetimes to complete their development. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Life Stages<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Larvae are only parasitic inside or on the host, and free-living adults feed on floral pollen and nectar. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Both immature nymphs\/larvae and addults are active predators. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Host Specificity<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Host-specific, targeting a single genus or species. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Feed on a wide spectrum of pest species. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mortality Speed<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Host lives for days or weeds while the internal larva develops. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Attack and consume prey within minutes to hours. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Diagnostic Evidence<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Swollen aphid mummies, circular exit holes in scale covers, or white eggs on caterpillars<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Reduced numbers of pests, chewed leaf tissue, or discarded pest carcasses<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5 class=\"mceTemp\"><strong>Diagnostic Support<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For assistance with pest identification, tissue analysis, or distinguishing invasive species from common native pests, submit samples to the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Rutgers Plant Diagnostic Laboratory<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Website:<\/span><\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/njaes.rutgers.edu\/plant-diagnostic-lab\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rutgers Plant Diagnostic Lab<\/span><\/a> <span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Location:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Ralph Geiger Center, CVI, 20 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Contact:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> 848-932-9140 | <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=mailto%3Aplant-clinic%40njaes.rutgers.edu\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">plant-clinic@njaes.rutgers.edu<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"mceTemp\"><strong>Beneficial Insect Post Directory<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Explore the pages linked in the table below, or click on the dropdown menus to learn more about some common beneficial insects that might be present in your nursery or landscape.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\" style=\"height: 119px\" border=\"1\" width=\"637\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" data-sheets-root=\"1\" data-sheets-baot=\"1\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"100\" \/>\n<col width=\"100\" \/>\n<col width=\"100\" \/>\n<col width=\"100\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/dragonfly\/\">Dragonfly<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/predacious-mites\/\">Predacious Mites<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/flower-fly\/\">Flower Fly<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/lacewings\/\">Lacewings<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/lady-bird-beetle\/\">Lady Bird Beetle<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/minute-pirate-bug\/\">Minute Pirate Bug<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/parasitoid-wasps-and-flies\/\">Parasitoid Wasps and Flies<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Beneficial Insects and Natural Enemies in the Nursery and Landscape The integration of biological controls (predatory insects, parasitoids, and predatory mites) is an essential aspect of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/beneficial-insects\/\" class=\"\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3407,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1651","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Beneficial Insects - Nursery IPM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/beneficial-insects\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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