{"id":1087,"date":"2025-06-24T15:35:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T15:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/?p=1087"},"modified":"2025-08-27T19:36:40","modified_gmt":"2025-08-27T19:36:40","slug":"parasitoid-wasps-and-flies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/parasitoid-wasps-and-flies\/","title":{"rendered":"Parasitoid Wasps and Flies"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Parasitoid Wasps and Flies (<i>Hymenoptera <\/i>&amp; <em>Diptera<\/em>) \u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h4><strong>Overview:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">Cause the death of their hosts\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u200b\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">Feed on internal organs within hosts\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">Majority of observed landscape parasitoids will be wasp or fly species\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">Provide better biological control than larger predators\u00a0<\/span>\u200b\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">More host-specific\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">Better searching ability\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">Work at lower pest densities\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">Require less food to complete development\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"true\" data-contrast=\"none\">Better synchronized to their hosts\u2019 life cycle\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"2\">Eliminate the hazards of host-seeking since eggs are laid in or on the host\u00a0\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Often undetected by nurseries and landscapers\u00a0\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Larvae develop inside the host, so often difficult to monitor\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Adult wasps are exceptionally small &amp; will often have a constricted waist &amp; beaded antennae\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Yellow sticky traps can be used to monitor hosts\u00a0\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Look for:\u00a0\u200b\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"2\">Swelling of aphids into mummies\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"2\">Darkening of soft scale insects\u00a0\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"2\">Exit holes in armored scale insect waxy covers and exoskeletons of soft scales\u00a0\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"8226\" data-font=\"Arial,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"540\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Prey pests:<\/span><\/b><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Parasitoids are host specific<\/span>\u200b<span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 1rem\">\u200b<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Management:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h5><strong>Fostering Beneficial Insect Populations:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Plant a diverse mix of flowers that bloom throughout the season<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Plant native species<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Choose flowers with ample nectar and pollen<\/span>\u200b\n<ul style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Asters, yarrow, anemones, milkweed, dogwood, <\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">serviceberries<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Plant with organic matter and leaf litter<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Avoid over-weeding\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Pesticide Impacts\/Considerations:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Insecticides can kill parasitoids or disrupt their behavior, <\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">reducing their ability to navigate, find food, and mate<\/span>\u200b\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Often exposed through contaminated food sources <\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">(nectar or pollen) or through encountering residues on <\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">leaves or flowers\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1170\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">When pests are exposed,\u00a0beneficial insects are exposed<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Applicators\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">MUST<\/span><\/b><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"> follow label instructions for in-bloom\u00a0<\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">applications for any insecticide\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"450\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Spray only when necessary<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Resources:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-primary\" href=\"https:\/\/plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu\/parasitoids-the-hidden-backyard-beneficials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parasitoids: The Hidden Backyard Beneficials &#8211; PPA<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1088\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1088\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1088\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/aa29-Parasitoid-wasp-aphid-mummies-2-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/aa29-Parasitoid-wasp-aphid-mummies-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/aa29-Parasitoid-wasp-aphid-mummies-2.jpg 746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1088\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dead empty shells of parasitized aphids showing exit holes created by the emerging parasitoid wasp adults. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1089\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1089\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1089\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/aa28-Parasitoid-Wasps-Aphid-Mummies-1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/aa28-Parasitoid-Wasps-Aphid-Mummies-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/aa28-Parasitoid-Wasps-Aphid-Mummies-1.jpg 686w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1089\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black bean aphids with some having been infested by parasitoid wasps. The swelled-up gray colored aphids have been killed. The black colored aphids are still active. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1090\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1090\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1090\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/Beneficial-Insects-II-a5-768x576-1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/Beneficial-Insects-II-a5-768x576-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/Beneficial-Insects-II-a5-768x576-1.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1090\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close look at the parasitised mellon aphids with a clear view of the smooth edged exit holes the adult parasitoid wasps were required to make to escape from the carcasses of the dead aphids. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1091\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1091\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1091\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/cc6-Calico-Scale-parasitoids-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/cc6-Calico-Scale-parasitoids-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/cc6-Calico-Scale-parasitoids.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1091\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Evidence of valuable biological controls. The numerous exit holes indicate parasitoid wasps have successfully destroyed these mature calico scales. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<h6><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">Disclaimer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\"> &#8211; Materials do not cover all possible control scenarios and are intended for licensed professionals. Tradenames do not imply\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">endorsement and are used as examples. You must strictly follow the label for each compound prior to use. Rutgers is not responsible for<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">m is used materials or damages thereof. The label is the law. Labels will provide detailed information on use and restrictions. Additionally, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">application intervals, compatibility, surfactant use, PHI, PPE, important and other key information is described in detail. Always discuss\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">treatments with your local agents.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-scheme-color=\"@C00000,,\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">Note: Neonicotinoids can only be legally applied in commercial agriculture settings by licensed <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-scheme-color=\"@C00000,,\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">applicators.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-scheme-color=\"@3B7F23,9,18:76000\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">Guidelines and recommendations made in this presentation are specific to the state of New Jersey.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parasitoid Wasps and Flies (Hymenoptera &amp; Diptera) \u00a0 Overview: Cause the death of their hosts\u00a0\u00a0\u200b Feed on internal organs within hosts\u00a0\u00a0\u200b Majority of observed landscape parasitoids will be wasp or &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/parasitoid-wasps-and-flies\/\" class=\"\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3407,"featured_media":1092,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-beneficial-insects"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Parasitoid Wasps and Flies - Nursery IPM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/parasitoid-wasps-and-flies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Parasitoid Wasps and Flies - Nursery IPM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Parasitoid Wasps and Flies (Hymenoptera &amp; Diptera) \u00a0 Overview: Cause the death of their hosts\u00a0\u00a0\u200b Feed on internal organs within hosts\u00a0\u00a0\u200b Majority of observed landscape parasitoids will be wasp or &hellip; Read More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/parasitoid-wasps-and-flies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Nursery IPM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-06-24T15:35:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-08-27T19:36:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/07\/Beneficial-Insects-II-a1-768x576-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"768\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"576\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Erin O. 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Most of these adult wasps are exceptionally small &amp; will often have a constricted waist &amp; beaded antennae. The vast majority of observed landscape parasitoids will be wasp or fly species. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. 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