{"id":751,"date":"2025-04-22T14:40:57","date_gmt":"2025-04-22T14:40:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/?p=751"},"modified":"2025-08-27T19:44:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-27T19:44:32","slug":"holly-leafminer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/holly-leafminer\/","title":{"rendered":"Holly Leafminer"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Holly Leafminer (<em>Phytomyza ilicicola<\/em>)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h4><strong>GDD Window (base 50): 147-265<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h4><strong>Overview:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Overwinter as yellow larvae, 1.5 mm long\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Eggs hatch into tiny maggots within the leaf mine, causing the most damage in early spring \u200b<\/li>\n<li>Adults are small, 0.8-1.6 mm long black flies\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Maggots pupate in the spring\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Adults emerge from leaves in May, mate, and female deposits eggs in slits on the underside of new leaves\u200b<\/li>\n<li>One generation per year\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Mines are narrow in the fall but expand during the spring, causing leaves to have yellow serpentine or blotch mines \u200b<\/li>\n<li>Causes premature leaf drop, defoliation, leaf growth stunting and distortion \u200b<\/li>\n<li>Host plants: American holly and cultivars<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Management:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h5><strong>Cultural Practices:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Natural predators: parasitoid wasps, green lacewings, spiders\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Reduce plant stress\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Avoid overuse of insecticides\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Pull off and destroy mined leaves before May in light infestations on small hollies\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Sticky traps to monitor for adults\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Destroy prematurely dropped leaves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Materials:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\" data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"540\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Contact insecticides:<\/span><\/b><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span>\u200b\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1260\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Avermectins<\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0[6]: abamectin<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1260\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Pyrethroids [3]: &#8211;<\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">thrins<\/span>\u200b\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"167\" data-font=\"Wingdings,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1980\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"3\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Will only suppress adults<\/span>\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1260\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Carbamates [1A]: carbaryl<\/span>\u200b\n<ul>\n<li data-charcodes=\"167\" data-font=\"Wingdings,Sans-Serif\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1980\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"3\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Will only suppress adults<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\" data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"540\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Systemic insecticides:<\/span><\/b><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span>\u200b<span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">(larvae only, ~June application):\u00a0<\/span>\u200b\n<ul>\n<li data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335562764&quot;:2,&quot;335562765&quot;:1,&quot;335562766&quot;:4,&quot;335562767&quot;:0,&quot;335562768&quot;:4,&quot;335562769&quot;:0}\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Organophosphates [1B]:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">acephate<\/span><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 1rem\">\u200b<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335562764&quot;:2,&quot;335562765&quot;:1,&quot;335562766&quot;:4,&quot;335562767&quot;:0,&quot;335562768&quot;:4,&quot;335562769&quot;:0}\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Neonicotinoids [4A]: imidacloprid, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">dinotefuran<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"540\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Considerations:<\/span><\/b>\u200b\n<ul style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<li data-charcodes=\"111\" data-font=\"Courier New,monospace\" data-buautonum=\"8\" data-margin=\"1260\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"LineBox SCXP35590923 BCX0\" style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"EOP SCXP35590923 BCX0\">Will harm non-target species<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Biorationals:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Neem oil\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Insecticidal soap\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Spinosyns [5]: spinosad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_753\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-753\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-753\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/m6-Native-Holly-Leafminer-6-768x576-1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/m6-Native-Holly-Leafminer-6-768x576-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/m6-Native-Holly-Leafminer-6-768x576-1.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-753\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_754\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-754\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-754\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/Native-Holly-Leafminer-7-1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/Native-Holly-Leafminer-7-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/Native-Holly-Leafminer-7-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/Native-Holly-Leafminer-7-1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-754\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_757\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-757\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-757\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/o-hlm1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"182\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-757\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: University of Georgia Extension<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<h6><\/h6>\n<h6><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">Disclaimer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\"> &#8211; Materials do not cover all possible control scenarios and are intended for licensed professionals. Tradenames do not imply\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">endorsement and are used as examples. You must strictly follow the label for each compound prior to use. Rutgers is not responsible for<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">m is used materials or damages thereof. The label is the law. Labels will provide detailed information on use and restrictions. Additionally, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">application intervals, compatibility, surfactant use, PHI, PPE, important and other key information is described in detail. Always discuss\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">treatments with your local agents.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-scheme-color=\"@C00000,,\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">Note: Neonicotinoids can only be legally applied in commercial agriculture settings by licensed <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBox SCXP56887253 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-scheme-color=\"@C00000,,\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">applicators.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-scheme-color=\"@3B7F23,9,18:76000\" data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXP56887253 BCX0\">Guidelines and recommendations made in this presentation are specific to the state of New Jersey.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Holly Leafminer (Phytomyza ilicicola) GDD Window (base 50): 147-265 Overview: Overwinter as yellow larvae, 1.5 mm long\u200b Eggs hatch into tiny maggots within the leaf mine, causing the most damage &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/holly-leafminer\/\" class=\"\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3407,"featured_media":756,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pests"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Holly Leafminer - Nursery IPM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/holly-leafminer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Holly Leafminer - Nursery IPM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Holly Leafminer (Phytomyza ilicicola) GDD Window (base 50): 147-265 Overview: Overwinter as yellow larvae, 1.5 mm long\u200b Eggs hatch into tiny maggots within the leaf mine, causing the most damage &hellip; Read More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/holly-leafminer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Nursery IPM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-04-22T14:40:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-08-27T19:44:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/nursery-ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1396\/2025\/06\/April-22-25-Native-Holly-Leafminer-2-Serpertine-leafmining-1-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Erin O. 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