{"id":1522,"date":"2022-06-12T13:35:42","date_gmt":"2022-06-12T13:35:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/?p=1522"},"modified":"2022-06-14T15:27:59","modified_gmt":"2022-06-14T15:27:59","slug":"scientists-guide-to-describing-mud","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/scientists-guide-to-describing-mud\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientist&#8217;s Guide to Describing Mud"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Collected sediment is described in detail on the ship, as soon as possible after core sections are split. It is important to record these observations quickly, as shrinkage and color change can occur as water evaporates from the sediment.<\/p>\n<p>Believe it or not, many words can be used to describe mud. I was able to obtain a small discarded sample of mud from a core, and I conducted a brief survey of the ship as to its appearance:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Describe the Mud!\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yCI8Yrp2qQA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1533\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1533\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1533\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060315-917x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Photographic Core Section\" width=\"450\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060315-917x1024.jpg 917w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060315-269x300.jpg 269w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060315-768x857.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060315.jpg 1316w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1533\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graduate student Ryan Glaubke and post-doc Estelle Allan prepare to photograph a core section.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #cc0033\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Core Log<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The scientific describing of mud is much more formalized. For each core section, a detailed \u201ccore log\u201d is completed. On the log, the following items are noted, all based on depth: 1) rough sketch of core; 2) color; 3) contacts between sediment types; 4) nature of contacts (sharp, gradational, mottled); 5) contained biogenous matter (foraminifera, plant fragments, shell fragments); 6) nature of sediment (for example, calcareous sediment is very chalky); 7) grain size (gravel, sand, silt, clay); and 8) structure (laminated, graded bed, mottled, homogenous, etc.). There is also a large space for extra observational remarks.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1530\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1530\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1530\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060291-780x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Core Log\" width=\"450\" height=\"591\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060291-780x1024.jpg 780w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060291-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060291-768x1008.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060291-1170x1536.jpg 1170w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060291.jpg 1216w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1530\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Core log sheet completed by Dr. Sophie Hines and graduate student Cassie Stirpe.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #cc0033\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">50 Shades of Brown<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The mud we have collected has mostly been brown to gray. Sometimes, we have seen reddish beds and\/or streaking within the mud, due to the oxidation of metallic content. Once, the mud from a series of multicore tubes was uniformly green. To assign mud layers a specific color, a soil color chart is used (1) that is colloquially referred to as \u201c50 Shades of Brown\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1538\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1538\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1538\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060294.jpg\" alt=\"Soil Color Chart\" width=\"450\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060294.jpg 941w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060294-290x300.jpg 290w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060294-768x793.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page from the soil color chart (1) used on the ship.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1532\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1532\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1532\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060299-1-1024x926.jpg\" alt=\"Color Variation\" width=\"450\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060299-1-1024x926.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060299-1-300x271.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060299-1-768x694.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060299-1.jpg 1469w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1532\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A core section showing clear color variation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #cc0033\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Consistency<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The texture of the mud has varied quite a bit. Some has been gritty and crumbly, some has been moist and sticky. The muddy sediment recovered off the coast of Nova Scotia was quite gritty, due in part to the presence of foraminifera. These are tiny (usually less than 1 mm) fossils of amoeboid protists that live in the ocean, either on the ocean floor (benthic) or as plankton (planktonic). These fossils are of immense importance to paleontologists, paleoclimatologists, and paleooceanographers. Other fossils we have seen within the mud have included bivalves, gastropods, and tusk shells.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1536\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1536\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1536\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060324-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Mollusk Fossils\" width=\"450\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060324-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060324-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060324-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060324.jpg 1255w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1536\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mollusk fossils recovered from a multicore of surface seafloor sediment &#8211; gastropod shell on left, tusk shells (Scaphopoda) on right.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1296\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1296\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1296\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Forams_Edited.jpg\" alt=\"Foraminifera\" width=\"450\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Forams_Edited.jpg 743w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Forams_Edited-300x285.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1296\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foraminifera (signified by the yellow arrows) from a multicore of seafloor surface sediment.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1529\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1529\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1529\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Planktonic-Foraminifera.png\" alt=\"Planktonic Foraminifera\" width=\"635\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Planktonic-Foraminifera.png 850w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Planktonic-Foraminifera-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Planktonic-Foraminifera-768x342.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1529\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron micrographs of three common planktonic foraminifera (2).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mud has also commonly contained ice rafted debris. When ice melts after a certain period of drifting atop the sea, any solid material contained within the ice is released and eventually deposited on the seafloor (3).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1527\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1527\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1527 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Ice-Rafted-Debris.jpg\" alt=\"Ice Rafted Debris\" width=\"635\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Ice-Rafted-Debris.jpg 635w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Ice-Rafted-Debris-300x146.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1527\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The process of ice rafting of debris (4).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #cc0033\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Did You Know?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Anthropogenic material is also quite often found in seafloor sediment, especially that from the upper layers (collected via multicore). We&#8217;ve been separately sampling some of these sections to be later analyzed for microplastics. Mysterious black balls showed up frequently in one of yesterday&#8217;s core samples. Our best guess is that these were once droplets of crude oil, probably from an oil tanker. When crude oil droplets fall into the ocean, the more volatile components (smaller chained hydrocarbons) evaporate quickly, leaving behind balls of material of higher molecular weight. These &#8220;tar balls&#8221;, consisting mostly of saturated hydrocarbons, are quite inert and accordingly preserved in the sediment.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1537\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1537\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1537\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060330.jpg\" alt=\"Tar Balls\" width=\"450\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060330.jpg 1255w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060330-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060330-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/P1060330-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1537\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Balls of tar recovered from a multicore of surface sediment.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #cc0033\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Wildlife Sightings<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Herring Gull<\/li>\n<li>Northern Fulmar<\/li>\n<li>Great Shearwater<\/li>\n<li>Sooty Shearwater<\/li>\n<li>Barn Swallow<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1545\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1545\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1545\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Northern Fulmar\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird1-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1545\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) enjoys a cool evening behind the R\/V Atlantis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1546\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1546\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1546\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird-2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird-2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/791\/2022\/06\/Bird-2-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Herring Gulls consistently followed the ship on our southward journey back from Nova Scotia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #cc0033\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sources<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<ol>\n<li><i>Munsell Soil Color Charts<\/i>. Baltimore, Maryland, 1990.<\/li>\n<li>Weinkauf, Manuel F. G., et al. \u201cSeasonal Variation in Shell Calcification of Planktonic Foraminifera in the NE Atlantic Reveals Species-Specific Response to Temperature, Productivity, and Optimum Growth Conditions.\u201d <i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">PLOS ONE<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">, vol. 11, no. 2, 9 Feb. 2016, p. e0148363, 10.1371\/journal.pone.0148363.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Bischof, Jens. <i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Ice Drift, Ocean Circulation and Climate Change<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">. London, Springer, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pinet, Paul R. <i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Invitation to Oceanography<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">. Burlington, MA, Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2021.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Collected sediment is described in detail on the ship, as soon as possible after core sections are split. It is important to record these observations quickly, as shrinkage and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/scientists-guide-to-describing-mud\/\" class=\"\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2283,"featured_media":1531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[55,56,58,57,53,54],"class_list":["post-1522","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-updates-from-sea","tag-color","tag-consistency","tag-foraminifera","tag-fossils","tag-mud","tag-sediment"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Scientist&#039;s Guide to Describing Mud - PUFINS at Sea<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.rutgers.edu\/pufins-at-sea\/scientists-guide-to-describing-mud\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scientist&#039;s Guide to Describing Mud - PUFINS at Sea\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; Collected sediment is described in detail on the ship, as soon as possible after core sections are split. 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